The origins, development, and makeup of early state societies in China have long been a favorite topic of research, though there has recently been an upsurge of attention among archaeologists in China and abroad. Research has been dominated by the identification of the Erlitou site from the early second millennium BC as the center of the earliest state in China, sometimes identified with the Xia Dynasty. Recently, several scholars have employed neo-evolutionary criteria for the identification of Erlitou society as China’s earliest state in an attempt to provide objective criteria for the traditional historiographical narrative. Overarching social and ecological models of cultural change have been severely criticized by anthropological archaeologists, and many archaeologists studying the development of ancient societies prefer to focus on individual case studies or specific institutions rather than on the state. In contrast to recent archaeological scholarship that has called for its total abandonment, we find the “state” a useful concept for understanding local trajectories as well as cross-cultural comparisons. In this article we suggest a way of incorporating the warnings against simplistic overarching models while maintaining the notion of rapid sociopolitical change associated with state formation. Based on an analysis of the long-term trajectory, we identify, in north China, two phases of rapid transformations: the first, starting around 2500 BC, when several unstable regional states evolved and declined, and the second, around 1600 BC, when an intraregional state, usually identified with the historical Shang, rapidly evolved.
中国早期国家社会的起源、发展和构成一直是研究的热门话题,近来国内外考古学家对其关注的热潮再高涨。从公元前二千年早期开始,二里头遗址一直是中国最早国家的中心,有时被认为是夏朝。近年来,一些学者运用新进化论的标准来认定二里头社会是中国最早的国家,试图为传统的史学叙事提供客观的标准。文化变迁的总体社会和生态模式受到人类学考古学家的严厉批评,许多研究古代社会发展的考古学家更倾向于关注个案研究或特定机构,而不是国家。与最近的考古学学者呼吁完全放弃该术语不同,我们发现“国家”是一个有用的概念,有助于理解地方轨迹以及跨文化比较。在这篇文章中,我们建议一种方法,在保持与国家形成相关的快速社会政治变化的概念的同时,对过于简单的总体模式提出警告。基于对长期发展轨迹的分析,我们确定了华北地区快速转型的两个阶段:第一阶段始于公元前2500年左右,当时有几个不稳定的区域国家在演化和衰落;第二阶段,大约在公元前1600年,一个区域内的国家,通常被认为是历史上的商,迅速发展。