Пекинская опера: происхождение и эволюция / Beijing opera: origins and evolution

Рассматриваются исторические условия, послужившие толчком к появлению пекинской оперы как самостоятельного жанра традиционного искусства Китая. Выявляются основные этапы развития пекинской оперы, выделяются наиболее популярные сюжеты и имена персонажей. Дается характеристика пекинской оперы в качестве средства межкультурных коммуникаций. Подробно рассматривается развитие жанра в коммунистическом Китае, в частности, уделяется внимание влиянию культурной революции на состояние пекинской оперы. Характеризуется деятельность личностей, оказавших влияние на развитие этого жанра в ХХ в. Описывается современное состояние пекинской оперы. Делается вывод о важности пекинской оперы как части культурного наследия Китая.

Despite the processes of globalization and rapprochement between the countries of the East and the West that have been going on for several decades, the cultural differences between the two civilizations are quite obvious and are unlikely to be finally smoothed out. The culture of the Asian countries, including China, has always been a mystery for most people in the West. Even in the present days the situation has not got much better. The studying of the cultural traditions is important for a successful interaction in terms of business, politics etc. Beijing opera is appraised by us as one of the most interesting and distinctive parts of Chinese culture. Nevertheless, it is insufficiently explored, hence this work is topical. Beijing opera plays a great role in the culture of China. Moreover, it is a synthesized genre which includes dancing, singing, acting etc. Taking this fact into consideration, the study of this subject is of great importance for the research of the Asian civilization. The purpose of this article is to describe the process of the development of this genre by showing its origins and modern condition. To achieve our purpose, the following tasks were solved: the period and historical conditions of this genre's emergence were determined, the periods of its development were described, the names of the actors who contributed to the development of Beijing opera greatly and took part in its popularization outside of China were mentioned. The article describes the transformation of Beijing opera during the period of the "Cultural revolution" in China and its "regeneration" in the period of "Reform and opening-up policy". The conclusion of great potential of this genre and its possible role in the interstate cultural exchange was made. The Beijing opera genre was scrutinized as a cross-cultural exchange factor. The study was executed with attraction of different sources, including works in Russian, English and Chinese languages. Such an approach allowed us to compare the perception of this genre by various cultural traditions. During the research it was revealed that since the twentieth century the Beijing opera has transformed into one of the measures of Chinese cultural dissemination in terms of the "soft power" policy. In addition to this, it is still considered as one of the greatest treasures of Chinese cultural heritage. The government of China has put a great effort to contribute to the development of this genre in the second half of the twentieth century and turned it into one of the modern Chinese brands.

尽管东方和西方国家之间的全球化和和解进程已经持续了几十年，但两个文明之间的文化差异还是很明显的，不可能最终消除。包括中国在内的亚洲国家的文化一直是西方大多数人的谜。即使在今天，情况也没有好转。对文化传统的研究对于成功进行商务，政治等方面的互动至关重要。京剧被我们誉为中国文化中最有趣，最独特的部分之一。但是，它的探索还不够充分，因此这项工作是热门话题。京剧在中国文化中扮演着重要的角色。而且，它是一种包括舞蹈，唱歌，表演等在内的综合体裁。考虑到这一事实，对该主题的研究对于亚洲文明的研究具有重要意义。本文的目的是通过展示其流派和现代状况来描述这种流派的发展过程。为了实现我们的目标，解决了以下任务：确定该类型的出现的时期和历史条件，描述其发展的时期，为京剧的发展做出巨大贡献并参与其中的演员的名字提到了在中国以外的普及。文章介绍了“文化大革命”时期京剧的转型和“改革开放”时期京剧的“复兴”。得出了这种体裁的巨大潜力及其在州际文化交流中的可能作用的结论。京剧体裁被视为跨文化交流因素。这项研究是在不同来源进行的，包括俄文，英文和中文著作。这种方法使我们能够比较各种文化传统对这一体裁的理解。在研究过程中，人们发现自20世纪以来，京剧已从“软实力”政策转变为中国文化传播的手段之一。除此之外，它仍然被认为是中国文化遗产中最伟大的宝藏之一。在二十世纪下半叶，中国政府竭尽全力为这一类型的发展做出贡献，并将其转变为现代中国品牌之一。